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Demeter and Persephone (Kore) were especially popular and were incorporated into the Punic pantheon following a series of military disasters which the Carthaginians ascribed to their unwise destruction of the goddesses' temple at Syracuse in 396 BCE. Corrections? For only $5 per month you can become a member and support our mission to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. World History Encyclopedia is a non-profit organization. The attendant new obligation to safeguard the peninsula against foreign interference made it necessary not to allow the neighbouring island of Sicily to fall into the hands of a strong and expansive power. What advantages did Carthage have over Rome? The questions will require you to make decisions regarding the revision of the reading selection. Similarly, the Phoenician gods Eshmun (an equivalent of Adonis but also identified as Asclepius by the Greeks, suggesting he had an association with healing at Carthage), Reshef (the god of fire and lightning, linked to Apollo by the Greeks), and Rasap (associated with warfare) were worshipped at Carthage but again with slightly different connotations such as Reshef (a form of Rasap) and Shadrap (associated with snakes and healing). Last modified July 13, 2016. To bolster his divine claims Hannibal once recounted a dream he had had where Melqart specifically instructed him to invade Italy and even gave him a guide to get there in the most efficient way. Analysis of the remains found within the urns at Carthage reveals that, overall, 80% of the human remains are from newborn babies or foetuses. These had two large columns, one either side of the entrance which led to three chambers within which was not a representation of the god but a large bronze bowl with an eternal flame. Many of these professions are mentioned on Punic stelae. World History Publishing is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. "Hamilcar barca", means they could strike fast and attack from anywhere without warning. Perhaps Carthage's most shocking naval loss was their very first sea engagement with Rome at the battle of Mylae (Milazzo) in 260 BCE. What African king took over Italy? who did the romans fight against in the punic wars? Mark is a full-time author, researcher, historian, and editor. Carthage and its HarbourThe Creative Assembly (Copyright). Updates? Corrections? Carthaginian MercenariesThe Creative Assembly (Copyright). We care about our planet! (like the persian emipire) its how the earth balances itself out, writing and publicly displaying laws (twelve tables), republican government, but the plebeians demanded it. For the first time in decades, Hannibal was without a military command, and never again did he lead Carthaginians into battle. ), and even human sacrifice (molk). Scipios cavalry then charged the opposing Carthaginian cavalry on the wings; the latter fled and were pursued by Masinissas forces. Accordingly they equipped a new army in which, by the advice of a Greek captain of mercenaries named Xanthippus, cavalry and elephants formed the strongest arm. We know that Carthage itself was equipped with artillery machines for defence. While Pyrrhus was still fighting battles in Sicily and facing heavy losses, he received information from Tarentum that it was difficult to defend the city on their own and that they needed assistance. The besiegers met with a gallant resistance and in 249 were compelled to withdraw by the loss of their fleet in a surprise attack upon Drepanum, in which the admiral Publius Claudius Pulcher was repulsed with a loss of 93 ships. Some revisions are not of actual mistakes, but will improve the clarity of the writing. Web. Web. The cavalry slammed into Hannibal's rear, forcing a decisive end to a brutal battle. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. -news articles written by lower class plebeians, The Twelve Tables and Roman War Mechanics, Ways of the World AP World History: Chapter 11, Dahia Ibo Shabaka, Larry S. Krieger, Linda Black, Phillip C. Naylor, Roger B. Beck, L37-38: lipoprotein metabolism & disorders. There are also tales of prisoners being executed en masse, sometimes imaginatively as in one case where elephants were used to trample the unarmed captives. Their armies had different advantages: Carthage was a naval power and Rome was stronger in land battles. Tanit came to prominence only from the 5th century BCE at Carthage, but she would eventually supersede Melqart and Baal Hammon in importance. By the year 203 Carthage was in great danger of attack from the forces of the Roman general Publius Cornelius Scipio, who had invaded Africa and had won an important battle barely 20 miles (32 km) west of Carthage itself. One of the most distinctive Carthaginian weapons was the war elephant. Before the battle, Hannibal and Scipio met personally, possibly because Hannibal, perceiving that battle conditions did not favour him, hoped to negotiate a generous settlement. To avoid the threat that successful mercenary armies rebelled against the ruling elite of Carthage, the Carthaginians made sure that all senior and middle command positions were held by citizens of Carthage. It must also be mentioned, though, that the Carthaginians had a healthy respect for genealogy and political leaders were often recorded with not only their own names but also those of several previous generations. Priests may have controlled education, of which we know very little, and also the libraries we know existed at the time of Carthage's destruction in 146 BCE. He had trained his men to move to the side when the elephants charged, locking their shields and facing the alleys as the elephants passed by. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. We also know that temples were off-limits to women and pigs, although there were some priestesses who served certain deities and their temples. Thousands of examples survive of these votive markers and are powerful evidence that the Carthaginian religion was practised by all levels of society. Sign up for our free weekly email newsletter! What advantages did the Carthaginians have? Ancient sources agree that Carthage had become perhaps the richest city in the world through its trade, yet few traces of its wealth have been discovered by archaeologists. Hannibal was a military leader from Carthage. Soldiers, Citizens, And The Symbols Of War: From Classical Greece To Rome: Empire of the Eagles, 753 BC AD 476, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The Carthaginian generals Hannibal and his brother Mago were accordingly recalled from their campaigns in Italy. The naval fleet of Carthage was composed of large warships propelled by sail and oars which were used to ram enemy vessels using a bronze ram mounted on the prow below the waterline. Cartwright, Mark. The elite class of Carthage dominated the important religious posts. There is a shrine area with an altar where the sacrifices were made. Phoenician/Punic Necklace with AmuletsCarole Raddato (CC BY-NC-SA). Further, on closer inspection, it is notable that all of the literary references to human sacrifice suggest that it was necessary only in times of great danger to the state such as wars, plagues, and natural disasters, and was not an everyday practice. Priests would have enjoyed a high status as they performed rituals and sacrifices (both animal and human) in honour of the Punic gods. The victims were killed by fire, although it is not clear precisely how. what advantages did the carthaginians have? The Roman fleet of 145 ships defeated the Carthaginian fleet of 130 ships which had not even bothered to form battle lines, so confident were they of victory against the untested Roman sailors. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/Carthaginian_Religion/. "Carthaginian Religion." 2012-10-12 03:41:26. Updates? Mark is a full-time author, researcher, historian, and editor. While this was the Romans only naval defeat in the war, their fleet had suffered a series of grievous losses by storm, and now it was so reduced that the attack upon Sicily had to be suspended. With the defeat of Carthage and Hannibal, it is likely that Zama awakened in Rome a vision of a larger future for itself in the Mediterranean. The ships were the trireme with three banks of rowers, the quadrireme, and quinquereme. The tophet at Carthage was known as the 'precinct of Tanit' and located to the south of the city at Salammbo. In the founding legend of Carthage, Dido (Elissa), the queen who fled from Tyre, picked up the High priest of Astarte in Cyprus on her way to North Africa, promising him that he and his descendants would hold the position of High Priest in the new city. A second Roman fleet, which subsequently reached Africa after defeating the full Carthaginian fleet off Cape Hermaeum (Shark Peninsula), withdrew all the remaining troops. Further, human sacrifices in ancient sources are almost always the children of rulers and the ruling class, as the gods, apparently, were not to be moved by the sacrifice of the common people. -they dont want rome to fall apart or house enemies, they need to be convicted in a court of law first. if you were an emperor thinking about going to war against rome, how might this description make you feel? Boarding Troops Lacking the training and experience of the Carthaginians, the Roman sailors were at a disadvantage in terms of speed and manoeuvrability. On the open plain of Zama, the retreating Carthaginians had nowhere to run; chased down by horsemen, very few of these escaped. It was the battle which would end the Second Punic War and, effectively, Carthage's position as a major power. Tanit, Carthaginian Electrum CoinThe British Museum (Copyright). Hannibal, too, was not the only Carthaginian general that deified himself and took on the appearance of the god. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. His victories at the Ticinus (Ticino) River near Pavia and the Trebia River in December 218 BCE, Lake Trasimene in June 217 BCE, and at Cannae in Apulia in August 216 BCE rocked the Roman world. Although both countries were comparable in military power and economic strength the two nations had different military advantages: Carthage had a strong naval power while Rome had almost no naval power, but had a stronger ground force. Working for their livelihoods this class would have included women, slaves, and foreigners, as well as male citizens. This was possible largely because for much of its history Carthage only ever fought battles in foreign territory and the city itself was never threatened until Agathocles landed an army in 310 BCE and the Roman invasions of the Second and Third Punic Wars. The Carthaginians, whose citizen levy was utterly disorganized, could neither keep the field against the invaders nor prevent their subjects from revolting. In fact, Rome didn't have a navy at all. What advantages did the Carthaginians have? Carthage was a sea power so therefore it had a naval advantage over Rome, until the Romans caught up, that is. Such were the requirements of Carthage's large navy that ships were constructed using mass-produced pieces marked with numbers for ease of assembly. They also mention the victims wearing a smiling mask to hide their tears from the god to whom they were being offered. What advantages did the carthaginians have See answer Advertisement Mathunga - Carthage had a much better naval force at the beginning of the Punic wars. As with most other ancient cultures warfare for the Carthaginians was, like any other state activity, inseparable from religious beliefs. The proximate cause of the first outbreak was a crisis in the city of Messana (Messina), commanding the straits between Italy and Sicily. Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms. His plan was to take the war to Rome and cause an uprising in the Italian Peninsula. Battle of Zama, (202 bce), victory of the Romans led by Scipio Africanus the Elder over the Carthaginians commanded by Hannibal. According to the ancient historians Clitarch and Diodorus, a hearth was set before a bronze statue of the god Baal (or El), who had outstretched arms on which the victim was placed before falling into the fire.